Three arguments

E1. x looks like an unjustified evil.

E2. So, probably, x is a counterexample to “All evils are justified”.

E3. So, probably, some evils are not justified.

 

F1. x looks like a fox that isn’t a canid.

F2. So, probably, x is a counterexample to “All foxes are canids”.

F3. So, probably, some foxes are not canids.

 

NE1. x looks like a non-domesticated multicellular species that didn’t evolve.

NE2. So, probably, x is a counterexample to “All non-domesticated multicellular species evolved”.

NE3. So, probably, some non-domesticated multicellular species didn’t evolve.

 

Levels of conciliation

  1. Logically possible defense
  2. Epistemically possible defense
  3. Some plausibility on the theory T
  4. Significant probability independent of T
  5. Probably-so stories